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Types of Chanting: Japa, Kirtana and Sankirtana

by

Pure Bhakti

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1. Japa

When a mantra is recited only within the mind, it is called japa. At that time the chanter attains the perfection of the goal upon which he has fixed his mind. But kîrtana, which is executed with vibration of the lips, yields a greater result than japa.

2. Kirtana

When chanting is done audibly with movement of the lips, it is called kîrtana. Kîrtana is superior to japa within the mind, because one derives great benefit by hearing the sound vibration. Simultaneously, others who hear such kîrtana also derive benefit. Thus there is benefit both for the chanter and for the hearers.

3. Sankirtana

The word sankîrtana means complete kîrtana, or in other words, kîrtana that is performed in full knowledge of sambandha-jñana (knowledge relevant to the development of one’s relationship with the Lord) and free from all obstructions (anarthas) and offences (aparådhas). This refers to that kîrtana, the performance of which requires no assistance from any other limbs of sådhana (devotional practice). Partial kîrtana of the holy name of Sri Krishna is not called sankîrtana.

When there is partial or imperfect chanting of the holy name of Sri Krishna, the soul does not attain the full effect. As a result, many people fall into doubt about the potency of the holy name. Therefore let there be all victory for the perfect and complete chanting of the holy name of Sri Krishna.

- Siksastaka Verse 1 Commentary by Srila Bhaktisiddhanata Saraswati Prabhupada